# Authors:
# Wilson Rocha Lacerda Junior <wilsonrljr@outlook.com>
# Luan Pascoal da Costa Andrade <luan_pascoal13@hotmail.com>
# Samuel Carlos Pessoa Oliveira <samuelcpoliveira@gmail.com>
# Samir Angelo Milani Martins <martins@ufsj.edu.br>
# License: BSD 3 clause
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
[docs]class ResiduesAnalysis:
"""Residues analysis for Polynomial NARX model."""
[docs] def residuals(self, X, y, yhat):
"""Performs the residual analysis of output to validate model.
Parameters
----------
y : array-like of shape = n_samples
The target data used in the identification process.
yhat : array-like of shape = n_samples
The prediction values of the identification process.
X : ndarray of floats
The input data.
Returns
-------
output_autocorr : ndarray of floats:
1st column - Residuals normalized autocorrelation.
2nd/3rd columns - Superior and inferior limits of a
95% confidence interval.
output_crosscorr : ndarray of floats:
1st column - Correlation between residuals and input.
2nd/3rd columns - Superior and inferior limits of a
95% confidence interval.
Examples
--------
>>> y = [3, -0.5, 2, 7]
>>> autocorr(y)
[62.25 11.5 2.5 21. ]
"""
e, e_acf, unnormalized_e_acf = self._residuals_acf(y, yhat)
xe_ccf = self._input_ccf(X[:, 0], e, len(unnormalized_e_acf))
ex = e * X[:, 0]
ee = e ** 2
x2line = (X[:, 0] ** 2) - (X[:, 0] ** 2).mean()
eeline = (e ** 2) - (e ** 2).mean()
e_ex = self._input_ccf(e, ex, len(unnormalized_e_acf))
x2line_e = self._input_ccf(x2line, e, len(unnormalized_e_acf))
x2line_ee = self._input_ccf(x2line, ee, len(unnormalized_e_acf))
ye = y * e.reshape(-1, 1)
yeline = (y * e.reshape(-1, 1)) - (y * e.reshape(-1, 1)).mean()
yeline_x2line = self._input_ccf(yeline, x2line, len(unnormalized_e_acf))
lam = np.sqrt(sum((ee - ee.mean()) ** 2) / sum((ye - ye.mean()) ** 2))
yeline_eeline = self._input_ccf(yeline, eeline, len(unnormalized_e_acf))
return (
e_acf,
xe_ccf,
[yeline_x2line, yeline_eeline, e_ex, x2line_e, x2line_ee],
lam,
)
def _input_ccf(self, X, e, len_confidence):
xe_ccf = np.zeros((int(np.floor(len(X) / 2)), 3), dtype=float)
xe_ccf[:, 0] = self._normalized_correlation(X, e)
xe_ccf[:, 1] = np.ones(len(xe_ccf[:, 0])) * (1.96 / np.sqrt(len_confidence))
xe_ccf[:, 2] = xe_ccf[:, 1] * (-1)
return xe_ccf
def _residuals_acf(self, y, yhat):
e = (y - yhat).flatten()
unnormalized_e_acf = np.correlate(e, e, mode="full")
half_of_simmetry_autocorr = int(np.floor(unnormalized_e_acf.size / 2))
e_acf = np.zeros(
(len(unnormalized_e_acf) - half_of_simmetry_autocorr, 3), dtype=float
)
e_acf[:, 0] = (
unnormalized_e_acf[half_of_simmetry_autocorr:]
/ unnormalized_e_acf[half_of_simmetry_autocorr]
)
e_acf[:, 1] = np.ones(len(e_acf[:, 0])) * (
1.96 / np.sqrt(len(unnormalized_e_acf))
)
e_acf[:, 2] = e_acf[:, 1] * (-1)
return e, e_acf, unnormalized_e_acf
def _normalized_correlation(self, signal1, signal2):
"""Compute the normalized correlation between two signals.
Parameters
----------
signal1 : array-like of shape = n_samples.
signal2 : array-like of shape = n_samples.
Returns
-------
ruy : ndarray of floats:
The normalized cross correlation between the two signals.
"""
y = (signal1 - np.mean(signal1)).flatten()
u = (signal2 - np.mean(signal2)).flatten()
t = int(np.floor(len(signal1) / 2))
ruy = np.array(np.zeros(t))
ruy[0] = np.sum(y * u) / (np.sqrt(np.sum(y ** 2)) * np.sqrt(np.sum(u ** 2)))
for i in range(1, t):
y = (signal1 - np.mean(signal1[:i])).flatten()
u = (signal2 - np.mean(signal2[i:])).flatten()
ruy[i] = np.sum(y[:-i] * u[i:]) / (
np.sqrt(np.sum(y[:-i] ** 2)) * np.sqrt(np.sum(u[i:] ** 2))
)
return ruy
[docs] def plot_result(self, y, yhat, e_acf, xe_ccf, figsize=(10, 8), n=100):
"""Plot the free run simulation and residues analysis.
Parameters
----------
y : array-like of shape = n_samples
The target data used in the identification process.
yhat : array-like of shape = n_samples
The prediction values of the identification process.
e_acf : ndarray of floats:
1st column - Residuals normalized autocorrelation.
2nd/3rd columns - Superior and inferior limits of a
95% confidence interval.
xe_ccf : ndarray of floats:
1st column - Correlation between residuals and input.
2nd/3rd columns - Superior and inferior limits of a
95% confidence interval.
"""
plt.style.use("seaborn-white")
plt.rcParams["axes.facecolor"] = "white"
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=2, figsize=figsize, facecolor="white")
fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.7)
for ax, feature in zip(axes.flatten()[2:], [e_acf, xe_ccf]):
ax.plot(feature[:, 0], color="#1f77b4")
ax.axhspan(feature[0, 1], feature[0, 2], color="#ccd9ff", alpha=0.5, lw=0)
ax.set_xlabel("Lag", fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel("Cross Correlation: ee, ex", fontsize=12)
# ax = plt.gca()
ax.set_ylim([-1, 1])
# ax.grid(color="grey", linestyle="-.", alpha=0.1)
ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)
ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom")
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position("left")
fig.tight_layout()
ax = plt.subplot(211)
ax.plot(
y[self.max_lag : n],
c="#1f77b4",
alpha=1,
marker="o",
label="Data",
linewidth=1.5,
)
ax.plot(
yhat[self.max_lag : n],
c="#ff7f0e",
marker="*",
# linestyle='dashed',
label="Model",
linewidth=1.5,
)
ax.set_title("Free run simulation", fontsize=18)
ax.legend()
ax.tick_params(labelsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel("Samples", fontsize=14)
ax.set_ylabel("y, yhat", fontsize=14)
# ax.grid(color="grey", linestyle="-.", alpha=0.1)
ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)
ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom")
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position("left")
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
